* Re-add 127.0.0.1/8 when bringing down the interfaces
With #5353, 127.0.0.1/16 was added to the lo interface, and then
127.0.0.1/8 was removed. However, when bringing down the lo interface,
like during a config reload, 127.0.0.1/16 gets removed, but 127.0.0.1/8
isn't added back to the interface. This means that there's a period of
time where 127.0.0.1 is not available at all, and services that need to
connect to 127.0.01 (such as for redis DB) will fail.
To fix this, when going down, add 127.0.0.1/8. Add this address before
the existing configuration gets removed, so that 127.0.0.1 is available
at all times.
Note that running `ifdown lo` doesn't actually bring down the loopback
interface; the interface always stays "physically" up.
Signed-off-by: Saikrishna Arcot <sarcot@microsoft.com>
- Why I did it
fixes#12907
When the management interface IP address configuration changes from dynamic to static the DNS configuration (retrieved from the DHCP server) in /etc/resolv.conf remains uncleared. This leads to a DNS configuration pointing to the wrong nameserver. To make the behavior clear DNS configuration received from DHCP should be cleared.
- How I did it
Use resolvconf package for managing DNS configuration. It is capable of tracking the source of DNS configuration and puts the configuration retrieved from the DHCP servers into a separate file. This allows the implementation of DNS configuration cleanup retrieved from DHCP during networking reconfiguration.
- How to verify it
Ensure that the management interface has no static configuration.
Check that /etc/resolv.conf has DNS configuration.
Configure a static IP address on the management interface.
Verify that /etc/resolv.conf has no DNS configuration.
Remove the static IP address from the management interface.
Verify that /etc/resolv.conf has DNS configuration retrieved form DHCP server.
Why I did it
Currently interfaces.j2 hardcodes to eth0 even when there are multiple interfaces in MGMT_INTERFACE. This change adds support to generate /e/n/i when there are multiple interfaces in MGMT_INTERFACE.
How I did it
By removing hardcoded eth0 when looping through MGMT_INTERFACE.
How to verify it
Verified through unit test.
Which release branch to backport (provide reason below if selected)
201811
201911
202006
202012
202106
202111
202205
Description for the changelog
Link to config_db schema for YANG module changes
A picture of a cute animal (not mandatory but encouraged)
This reverts commit 90a849ea85.
#### Why I did it
The interfaces unit test did not cover some of the conditions in interfaces.j2 that was changed in #11204. Therefore reverting the change and add the tests before making the change to interfaces.j2.
#### How I did it
Git revert.
#### How to verify it
#### Which release branch to backport (provide reason below if selected)
- [ ] 201811
- [ ] 201911
- [ ] 202006
- [ ] 202012
- [ ] 202106
- [ ] 202111
- [ ] 202205
#### Description for the changelog
#### Link to config_db schema for YANG module changes
#### A picture of a cute animal (not mandatory but encouraged)
* [Interfaces] Modify template to support multiple management interfaces
* Modify minigraph to process interfaces in sorted order
Signed-off-by: Ubuntu <gechen@gechen-sonic-dev.d0r25nej54guppclip4gpy5b5a.jx.internal.cloudapp.net>
* Add UT minigraph
Signed-off-by: Ubuntu <gechen@gechen-sonic-dev.d0r25nej54guppclip4gpy5b5a.jx.internal.cloudapp.net>
* make case insensitve comparison
Signed-off-by: George Chen <gechen@microsoft.com>
* Use natural sort
Signed-off-by: George Chen <gechen@microsoft.com>
Co-authored-by: Ubuntu <gechen@gechen-sonic-dev.d0r25nej54guppclip4gpy5b5a.jx.internal.cloudapp.net>
What/Why I did:
Issue1: By setting up of ipvlan interface in interface-config.sh we are not tolerant to failures. Reason being interface-config.service is one-shot and do not have restart capability.
Scenario: For example if let's say database service goes in fail state then interface-services also gets failed because of dependency check but later database service gets restart but interface service will remain in stuck state and the ipvlan interface nevers get created.
Solution: Moved all the logic in database service from interface-config service which looks more align logically also since the namespace is created here and all the network setting (sysctl) are happening here.With this if database starts we recreate the interface.
Issue 2: Use of IPVLAN vs MACVLAN
Currently we are using ipvlan mode. However above failure scenario is not handle correctly by ipvlan mode. Once the ipvlan interface is created and ip address assign to it and if we restart interface-config or database (new PR) service Linux Kernel gives error "Error: Address already assigned to an ipvlan device." based on this:https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/drivers/net/ipvlan/ipvlan_main.c#L978Reason being if we do not do cleanup of ip address assignment (need to be unique for IPVLAN) it remains in Kernel Database and never goes to free pool even though namespace is deleted.
Solution: Considering this hard dependency of unique ip macvlan mode is better for us and since everything is managed by Linux Kernel and no dependency for on user configured IP address.
Issue3: Namespace database Service do not check reachability to Supervisor Redis Chassis Server.
Currently there is no explicit check as we never do Redis PING from namespace to Supervisor Redis Chassis Server. With this check it's possible we will start database and all other docker even though there is no connectivity and will hit the error/failure late in cycle
Solution: Added explicit PING from namespace that will check this reachability.
Issue 4:flushdb give exception when trying to accces Chassis Server DB over Unix Sokcet.
Solution: Handle gracefully via try..except and log the message.
Why I did it
The PR is aimed to fix a bug that mgmt port eth0 may loss IP even if user configured static IP of eth0. This is not a always reproduceable issue, the reproducing flow is like:
Systemd starts networking service, which runs a dhcp based configuration and assigned an ip from dhcp.
Systemd starts interface-config service who depends on networking service
Interface-config service runs command “ifdown –force eth0”, check line. but networking service is still running so that this line failed with error: “error: Another instance of this program is already running.”. This error is printed by ifupdown2 lib who is the main process of networking service. So, ifdown actually does not work here, the ip of eth0 is not down.
Interface-config service updates /etc/networking/interface to static configuration.
Interface-config service runs command “systemctl restart networking”. This command kills the previous networking related processes (log: networking.service: Main process exited, code=killed, status=15/TERM), and try to reconfigure the ip address with static configuration. But it detects that the configured IP and the existing IP are the same, and it does not really configure the ip to kernel. Hence, the ip is still getting from dhcp. (this could be a bug of ifupdown2: previous ip is from dhcp, new ip is a static ip, it treats them as same instead of re-configuring the IP)
When the lease of the ip expires, the ip of eth0 is removed by kernel and the issue reproduces.
The issue is not always reproduceable because networking service usually runs fast so that it won't hit step#3.
How I did it
Check networking service state before running "ifdown –force eth0", wait for it done if it is activating.
How to verify it
Manual test.
- Why I did it
Fixes#9628
During bootup, this error log is seen
Dec 22 04:26:29 sonic interfaces-config.sh[2546]: error: main exception: cannot find interfaces: eth0 (interface was probably never up ?)
This is of non-functional nature and doesn't affect the flow.
- How I did it
Dont take the ifdown if not needed
- How to verify it
Verified during reboot. Log did not appear and IP was acquired on eth0 as expected
Signed-off-by: Vivek Reddy Karri <vkarri@nvidia.com>
Add code to interfaces-config.sh to configure eth1 in multi-asic
containers so that they can access midplane subnet.
Co-authored-by: Maxime Lorrillere <mlorrillere@arista.com>
In version 3.0.0, If a broadcast address is specified in
/etc/network/interfaces, then when ifup is run, it will fail with an
error saying `'str' object has no attribute 'packed'`. This appears to
be because it expects all attributes for an interface to be "packable"
into a compact binary representation. However, it doesn't actually
convert the broadcast address into an IPNetwork object (other addresses
are handled).
Therefore, convert the broadcast address it reads in from a str to an
IPNetwork object.
Also explicitly specify the scope of the loopback address in
/etc/network/interfaces as host scope. Otherwise, it will get added as
global scope by default. As part of this, use JSON to parse ip's output
instead of text, for robustness.
Signed-off-by: Saikrishna Arcot <sarcot@microsoft.com>
- Why I did it
Group all SONiC services together and able to manage them together. Will be used in config reload command as much simpler and generic way to restart services.
- How I did it
Add services to sonic.target
- How to verify it
Together with Azure/sonic-utilities#1199
config reload -y
Signed-off-by: Stepan Blyshchak <stepanb@nvidia.com>
When forced mgmt routes are present, the issue fixed as part of #5754 is not complete.
Added a preference(priority) field to forced mgmt route ip rules
FixAzure/SONiC#551
When eth0 IP address is configured, an ip rule is getting added for eth0 IP address through the interfaces.j2 template.
This eth0 ip rule creates an issue when VRF (data VRF or management VRF) is also created in the system.
When any VRF (data VRF or management VRF) is created, a new rule is getting added automatically by kernel as "1000: from all lookup [l3mdev-table]".
This l3mdev IP rule is never getting deleted even if VRF is deleted.
Once if this l3mdev IP rule is added, if user configures IP address for the eth0 interface, interfaces.j2 adds an eth0 IP rule as "1000:from 100.104.47.74 lookup default ". Priority 1000 is automatically chosen by kernel and hence this rule gets higher priority than the already existing rule "1001:from all lookup local ".
This results in an issue "ping from console to eth0 IP does not work once if VRF is created" as explained in Issue 551.
More details and possible solutions are explained as comments in the Issue551.
This PR is to resolve the issue by always fixing the low priority 32765 for the IP rule that is created for the eth0 IP address.
Tested with various combinations of VRF creation, deletion and IP address configuration along with ping from console to eth0 IP address.
Co-authored-by: Kannan KVS <kannan_kvs@dell.com>
As per the VOQ HLDs, internal networking between the linecards and supervisor is required within a chassis.
Allocating 127.X/16 subnets for private communication within a chassis is a good candidate.
It doesn't require any external IP allocation as well as ensure that the traffic will not leave the chassis.
References:
https://github.com/Azure/SONiC/pull/622https://github.com/Azure/SONiC/pull/639
**- How I did it**
Changed the `interfaces.j2` file to add `127.0.0.1/16` as the `lo` ip address.
Then once the interface is up, the post-up command removes the `127.0.0.1/8` ip address.
The order in which the netmask change is made matters for `127.0.0.1` to be reachable at all times.
**- How to verify it**
```
root@sonic:~# ip address show dev lo
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/16 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
```
Co-authored-by: Baptiste Covolato <baptiste@arista.com>
Calls to sonic-cfggen is CPU expensive. This PR reduces calls to
sonic-cfggen to one call during startup when running interfaces-
config.
singed-off-by: Tamer Ahmed <tamer.ahmed@microsoft.com>
* ZTP infrastructure changes to support DHCP discovery provisioning data
- Dynamically generate DHCP client configuration based on current ZTP state
- Added support to request and process hostname when using DHCPv6
- Do not process graphservice url dhcp option if ZTP is enabled, ZTP service
will process it
- Generate /e/n/i file with all active interfaces seeking address assignment
via DHCP. Only interfaces that are created in Linux will be added to /e/n/i.
Also DHCP is started only on linked up in-band interfaces.
Signed-off-by: Rajendra Dendukuri <rajendra.dendukuri@broadcom.com>
This commit adds NTP support for management VRF using L3mdev. Config vrf add
mgmt will enable management VRF, enslave the eth0 device to the master device
mgmt, stop ntp service in default, restart interfaces-configs and restart ntp
service in mgmt-vrf context. Requirement and design are covered in mgmt vrf
design document.
Signed-off-by: Harish Venkatraman <harish_venkatraman@dell.com>
This commit adds support for New feature management VRF using L3mdev. Added
commands to enable/disable management VRF. Config vrf add mgmt will enable
management VRF, enslave the eth0 device to the master device mgmt and restart
interfaces-configs in mgmt-vrf context.
management interface (eth0) can be configured using config interface eth0 ip
add command and removed using config interface eth0 ip remove command.
Requirement and design are covered in mgmt vrf design document. Currently show
command displays linux command output; will update show command display in next
PR after concluding what would be the output for the show commands. Added
metric for default routes in dhcp and static, any changes for metric will be
addressed subsequently after discussing.
Signed-off-by: Harish Venkatraman <harish_venkatraman@dell.com>
- Why it is required
since SONiC master switches ifupdown package to the new implementation (ifupdown2), it is required to change the configuration of a platform-specific interface for wedge100bf_32x and wedge100bf_65x platforms (bc of ifupdown2 doesn't support auto mode for inet6 protocol).
Also, need to make some refactoring and remove if platform == smth then.. from the system level scripts.
- What I did
removed customization of /usr/bin/interfaces-config.sh
explicitly created directory /etc/network/interfaces.d
added "source" to the /etc/network/interfaces generation template (to include platform-specific interfaces processing)
added platform-specific interfaces config itself (for wedge100bf_32x and wedge100bf_65x)
fixed testcase in sonic-config-engine
- How to verify it
build image for wedge100bf_32x
perform sudo config reload -y on new installation
check the correct configuration of usb0 interface
- Description for the changelog
Allow configuration of platform-specific interfaces
Remove the teamd.j2 templates used for starting the teamd. Add
teammgrd instead to manage all port channel related configuration
changes. Remove front panel port related configurations in
interfaces.j2 templates as well.
Remove teamd.sh script and use teammgrd to start all the teamd
processes. Remove all the logics in the start.sh script as well.
Update the sonic-swss submodule.
Signed-off-by: Shu0T1an ChenG <shuche@microsoft.com>
- Move front panel ports and port channels MTU and IP configurations out of
the current /etc/network/interfaces file and store them in the configuration
database.
- The default MTU value for both front panel ports and the port channels is
9100. They are set via the minigraph or 9100 by default.
- Introduce portmgrd which will pick up the MTU configurations from the
configuration database.
- The updated intfmgrd will pick up IP address changes from the configuration
database.
- Update sonic-swss submodule
Signed-off-by: Shu0T1an ChenG <shuche@microsoft.com>
* Initial commit
* Add Ingrasys S9180-32X platform dirver.
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* Add bfn.service for init barefoot.
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* [Barefoot Beta] Add some functions and fixed some bugs.
1. Update sensors.conf.
2. Fixed IO expander init.
3. Fixed PSU EEPROM.
4. Fixed MB EEPROM.
5. Add fancontrol and fan init.
6. Add SYS LED control (sys, fan, fan tray).
7. 2.5V compute and setup max and min.
8. Fixed typo MB eeprom delete address.
9. Remove coretemp to BMC.
10. Add active CPLD.
11. Modify SFP+ GPIO slave address.
12. Modify tmp75 Near Port 32 slave address.
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* Add bfn script in /etc/init.d/
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* Add bfn service in debian
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* Fixed CPLD switch LED behavior.
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* [Barefoot Beta] Fixed sensors and hwmon order.
1. Fixed ignore sensors Vbat.
2. Reorg hwmon order.
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* Fixed PSU1 and PSU2 EEPROM order.
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* initial barefoot checkin october 2017
* update refpoint
* update refpoints
* update refpoints to bf-master
* update refpoint
* update refpoint to tested version
* change to platform from asic
* update refpoint for swss
* revert core creation setting
* update refpoints
* add telnet for debug shell
* update refpoints 11/17/17
* missed change in file on previous merge
* [CPLD] Fixed blink LED issue.
* Fixed blink LED mask set error.
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* Update bf_kdrv.c for 6.0.2.39
* Update bf kernel driver
* Add bf_fun kernel module.
* Update bf_tun for fixed build error
* merge with Azure master (12/12/17)
* update swss refpoint
* update refpoint of swss
* library dependency for stack unroll
* update refpoint to bf-master
* [DHCP relay]: Fix circuit ID and remote ID bugs (#1248)
* [DHCP relay]: Fix circuit ID and remote ID bugs
* Set circuit_id_len after setting circuit_id_len to ip->name
* [Platform] Add Psuutil and update sensors.conf for S9100-32X, S8810-32Q and S9200-64X (#1272)
* Add I2C CPLD kernel module for psuutil.
* Support psuutil script.
* Add voltage min and max threshold.
* Update sensors.conf for tmp75.
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* Allow multi platform support - infra (more changes to follow)
* update relative path to include platform for clarity
* [Platform] Add Ingrasys S9130-32X and S9230-64X with Nephos Switch ASIC for "branch 201712" (#1274)
- What I did
Add switch ASIC vendor: Nephos
Add Nephos platforms: Ingrasys S9130-32X, Ingrasys S9230-64X
- How I did it
Add platform/nephos files
Add platform/nephos/sonic-platform-modules-ingrasys submodule
Add device/ingrasys/x86_64-ingrasys_s9130_32x-r0 files
Add device/ingrasys/x86_64-ingrasys_s9230_64x-r0 files
Add SONiC to support Nephos platform
Update Head of submodule src/sonic-sairedis to "3b817bb"
- How to verify it
To build SONiC installer image and docker images, run the following commands:
make configure PLATFORM=nephos
make target/sonic-nephos.bin
Check system and network feature is worked as well
- Description for the changelog
Add switch ASIC vendor and platforms for Nephos
- A picture of a cute animal (not mandatory but encouraged)
Signed-off-by: Sam Yang <yang.kaiyu@gmail.com>
* change source of files to github (from dropbox), update sairedis refpoint
* update refpoint of sairedis
* [centec] support CENTEC SAI 1.0 on 201712 branch and update e582-48x6q board (#1269)
* [marvel]: Marvell's updates for SONiC.201712 & SAI v1.0 (#1287)
* update sairedis (fast-boot refpoint)
* fix syncd rpc make files
* update refpoint to handle Makefile change (no functional change)
* [Marvell]: Add support for SLM5401-54x device (#1307)
* Marvell's updates for SONiC.201712 & SAI v1.0
* [Platform] Add Marvell's SLM5401-54x for branch 201712
* [Broadcom]: Update Boradcom SAI package to 3.0.3.3-3 (#1312) (#1321)
- update Arista 7050-QX32S config.bcm file
- update Accton th-as771*-32x100G.config.bcm files
* update refpoint for Makefile chnage in sairedis
* update refpoint - sairedis
* update sairedis to older refpoint till we debug clean build
* export asic platform for build
* update refpoint for makefiles
* [PLATFORM] Centec update E582 driver fan/epprom/sensor (#1332)
* Upload wnc-osw1800
* Modify for Barefoot suggest
* Revert bfn-platform.mk
* Update bfn-platform-wnc.mk
Update parameter name
* Update parameter name
* initial support for WNC platform
* change switch name to "switch"
* Delete bf modules for rel_7_0
* Add Ingrasys S9180 platform
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* Modify bfnsdk for Ingrasys S9180 platform
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* Resolved the conflict.
* Resolved the conflict.
* Update submodule path and url.
* Delete unused file.
* Update PSU GPIO and EEPROM for psuutil.
* Add psuutil in S9180-32X
Signed-off-by: Wade He <chihen.he@gmail.com>
* update refpoint
* update refpoint
* change contact email, update refpoint
* cleanup and update kernel modules
* updates based on review
* update refpoint
* update refpoint
* fix typo in config script to check for platforms
* remove stale file
* resolve conflicts
* cleanup diffs with Azure repo and update SDK debs
* update refpoints to Azure
* address review comments
* revert refpoint of swss-common
* porting the build fix from master
* porting build fix from master
* Minor Fix
* Minor fix
* Temp to sde deb packages url
* Update sonic - sairedis,swss & swss-common refpoints
* Update git modules url path to bfn repo
* updated paths for swss, swss-common & sairedis
* Update refpoint for sonic-swss to local bfn repo
* Update URL for downloading sde debian packages
* porting fix links of debian git server from master
* porting fix links of debian git server from master
* [Ingrasys] Add platform support for S9280-64X with Barefoot ASIC
* Update ref points for swss, swss-common and sairedis repos
* Add sonic platform scripts for bfn montara/maverick
* Call sh scripts instead of calling py scripts
* Address upstream PR Comments (#10)
* Update bf-master with azure/master
* Undo changes to some files
* Revert "Address upstream PR Comments (#10)"
This reverts commit a7fddb83ca.
* Address upstream comments (#11)
* Remove all non bfn specific changes from upstream PR
* Revert "Address upstream comments (#11)"
This reverts commit 559132103e.
* Undo non bfn changes
* Little more cleanup
* Add back code removed in merge
* export CONFIGURED_PLATFORM
* Update sairedis and swss refpoints
* Address Upstream PR comment
* change deb pkg dependency from 3.16.0-4-amd64 to 3.16.0-5-amd64
* Set default tx queue len for usb0 interface to 64
* Update sairedis refpoint
* Update swss ref point
* Add bfn buffer cfg files for montara/maverick as per new design
* Update buffer cfg templates for bfn montara
* add non zero size to buffer profile
* add macro to generate port lists
* Update buffer cfg templates for bfn mavericks
* add non zero size for buffer profiles
* add port generation macro
* Add missing psmisc package
* BGP docker seems to be missing killall utility being used by fast-reboot script. This is causing non graceful termination of BGP sessions.
Adding psmisc to resolve this issue.
* Update swss ref point
* Update swss ref point
* Update sairedis refpoint
* Update sairedis refpoint
* Update sairedis refpoint
* Update sairedis refpoint
* Update refpoint for sairedis and swss
* sairedis to azure master
* swss to latest bfn bf-master
* Update gitmodules
Update url for sairedis to azure master
* Correct typo in bfn platform script
* Update swss and sairedis ref points
* Update swss ref point
* Address Review comments
* Update swws path in gitmodules to azure master
* update swss refpoint
* update base docker j2 file -remove psmisc package (could be a concern, would cause fast reboot to not work correctly will fix in another PR)
* Fix sairedis refpoint broken in by previous merge
* Remove psmisc from docker base image
* This will break fast reboot as killall is required for killing bgp process and initiating graceful termination of BGP session.
Will fix this in a seperate PR. Need this for SONIC upstreaming
* Address upstream comments
* Remove bmc interface from interface jinja template and sample output interfaces file
* Add bmc interface at boot time to network interfaces for bfn bmc based platforms
* Remove autogen ingrasys debian files
* Revert "Remove autogen ingrasys debian files"
* Buffer and qos config template fix for bfn platforms (#21)
SWI-1509 Buffer and qos config template fix for bfn platforms
* Fix qos config files for montara & mavericks (#22)
* Reference only ppg 3,4 in qos files as no profiles are attached to 0,1 in buffer configs
* Fix vs test (#23)
cfggen generates new eth0 configuration. Need to first
clean existing configuration on eth0 before bring up
new configuration on eth0. Thus, we need to first bring
down eth0 before putting new configuration into /etc/network/
interfaces
Signed-off-by: Guohan Lu <gulv@microsoft.com>
- Move all minigraph-related action from rc.local to updategraph
- updategraph service is now after database. All feature services are now after and depending on updategraph
* [init]: save the initial switch mac to config db
Save the initial switch mac to config db DEVICE_METADATA|localhost entry.
* update sonic-swss submodule
* Add support for vlanconfd and intfconfd
Signed-off-by: Jipan Yang <jipan.yang@alibaba-inc.com>
* Change name to vlanmgrd and intfmgrd
Signed-off-by: Jipan Yang <jipan.yang@alibaba-inc.com>
* Add missing vlan_members for parse_dpg result
Signed-off-by: Jipan Yang <jipan.yang@alibaba-inc.com>
* Remove cfgmgr debug CLI from image
Signed-off-by: Jipan Yang <jipan.yang@alibaba-inc.com>
* Update swss and swss-common submodules for VLAN trunk support
Signed-off-by: Jipan Yang <jipan.yang@alibaba-inc.com>
Modify minigraph parser output format so it fit DB schema
Modify configuration templates to fit new schema
Systemd services dependencies are modified so database starts before any configuration consumer
If routes are inserted in main table, they wont' be overwritten
by the routes learned via BGP. Then the routes will be missing
from the ASIC.
Thus a default table is used so that control plane and data plane
routes are isolated and could be configured independently.
